Industrial waste treatment disposal and utilization 工业固废处理处置与资源化
Solid Waste based Environment Function Materials
Biomass refers to all kinds of organism in nature produced through photosynthesis. Biomass are renewable, wide distributed and have low pollution impact to environment. Biomass carbon is a kind of porous carbon processed from biomass, including wood, forest waste, agricultural waste, aquatic plants, oil plants, animal manure, urban and industrial organic waste, etc. Carbon materials are widely used in metallurgy, chemical industry, machinery, electronics, aviation and other fields for its unique advantages such as heat resistance, high thermal conductivity, good chemical inertia and high electrical conductivity. In recent years, due to the shortage of fossil resources, the development and application of traditional carbon materials have been limited. The FunMat group uses various types of biomass waste as carbon source, to prepare porous carbon materials with different pore size and morphology, and to modify and further enhance its performance by activating, doping, and the introduction of functional groups, and then explore the application in environmental related fields such as energy storage, catalysis, separation, adsorption of pollutants.
· Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Supercapacitor is a new type of ideal, environmental-friendly energy storage device that is safe, reliable and has long durability (1-500k times cycling) and huge storage capacitance. The energy density of supercapacitor is hundreds times higher than conventional capacitors, and the power density is two orders of magnitude higher than conventional battery. The performance of the supercapacitor is mainly determined by the manufacturing technology, the composition of the electrolyte, the quality of the membrane and the assembly process. The preparation of new high performance electrode material is the key for the development of supercapacitor. It is our research focus to reuse and functionalize the environmental solid waste/biomass, and to make the advanced three-dimensional carbon material and composite electrode materials.
Fig 4. Reuse of solid waste as porous carbon electrode for energy storage device.
· High specific energy Lithium Sulfur battery and its interface study
With the growing demand for energy, and deteriorating environmental pollution issue due to the rapid development of the global economy, the development of the secondary battery with high energy density, long cycling durability, high safety, environmental benign and low cost is of great significance in the area of energy storage. Compared with traditional secondary batteries such as lead-acid batteries and nickel cadmium batteries, lithium sulfur battery has significant advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, and environmental friendly. The typical lithium sulfur battery is composed of a positive electrode, a lithium or a lithium storage material as cathode, a separator and electrolyte. FunMat group focused on the development of sulfur composite anode materials, of which the most important subject is the combination of sulfur and mesoporous carbon material from biomass solid waste. The modification of sulfur anode composite material and the in-situ infrared spectroscopy characterization of the polysulfide lithium intermediates transport process and the formation mechanism of lithium dendrites at the electrode interface are the major focus of our research.
固废环境功能材料
生 物质（biomass）是指通过光合作用而产生的各种有机体，即一切有生命的可以生长的有机物质通称为生物质。其特点为可再生、低污染、分布广泛。生物质 碳，是由生物质包括木材、森林废弃物、农业废弃物、水生植物、油料植物、动物粪便、城市和工业有机废弃物等加工而形成的一种多孔碳。碳材料以其独特的耐热 性、高导热性、良好的化学惰性、高电导性等优点，在冶金、化工、机械、电子、航空等领域广泛应用。近年来，由于化石资源的短缺，传统碳材料的发展和应用受 到了限制。FunMat课题组利用各类生物质固废作为碳源，以制备出具有不同孔径及形貌特征的多孔碳材料，通过活化、掺杂、引入官能团等手段对多孔碳材料 进行改性，进一步提升其性能并广泛应用于储能、催化、分离、污染物吸附等环境领域研究方向。
· 电化学超级电容器
超 级电容器是一种无污染的新型储能装置，寿命超长(1-50万次)、安全可靠、储能巨大，是一种理想的储能装置。超级电容器的能量密度是传统电容器的几百 倍，功率密度高出电池两个数量级，很好地弥补了电池比功率低、大电流充放电性能差和传统电容器能量密度小的缺点。超级电容器的性能主要由制造技术、电解液 的组成、隔膜质量和组装工艺等决定。其中新型高性能电极材料的制备，是超级电容器研发的关键问题。 将环境固体废弃物功能化回收利用，制备先进的三维碳材料电极和复合电极材料，是我们的研究重点。
Fig 4. Reuse of solid waste as porous carbon electrode for energy storage device.
· 高比能锂硫电池及其界面问题研究
随 着全球经济快速发展对能源需求的不断增长以及环境污染的日益严重，发展具有高能量密度、长循环寿命、高安全性、绿色环保和低成本的二次电池在新能源领域具 有重大意义。与铅酸电池、镍镉电池等传统二次电池相比，锂硫电池具有能量密度高、循环寿命长、绿色环保等显著优点。典型的锂硫电池是以硫或含硫材料为正 极、锂或储锂材料为负极、隔膜和电解液构成。课题组的研究重点集中在硫正极复合材料方面，其中最重要的是硫与生物质固废所制备介孔碳材料复合的研究。硫正 极复合材料的改性，以及电极界面上多硫化锂中间产物输运过程、锂枝晶形成机理的原位红外光谱表征，是我们课题组的研究重点。
工业固体废物，是指在工业生产过程中排入环境的各种废渣、粉尘及其他废物，具有数量庞大、种类繁多、成分复杂、处理困难的特点。但工业固废经过适当的工艺处理，可成为工业原料或能源，如制成水泥、混凝土骨料等建筑材料；提取铁、铝、铜、铅、锌等金属；制造肥料、土壤改良剂等。随着工业化进程的不断加快，在资源开发的同时，煤矸石、粉煤灰、赤泥等工业固废因其产量多、利用潜力大成为国家强化废弃物综合利用的重点。FunMat课题组利用多种工业固废作为原料，开发基于基质改性、反应路径重构、晶型调控、纳米材料界面调控的污染物阻断新技术，综合固废环境资源属性影响机制研究成果，形成固废环境资源交互属性判别与风险调控理论体系与方法。
Industrial solid waste refers to all kinds of waste residue, dust and other wastes discharged into the environment during industrial production. It is characterized by a large number, a wide variety, complex composition and difficult treatment. However, industrial solid waste can be used as industrial raw materials or energy through appropriate process treatment, such as cement, concrete aggregate and other building materials; extracting metals such as iron, aluminum, copper, lead and zinc; and manufacturing fertilizers and soil improvers. With the accelerating industrialization process, industrial solid wastes such as coal gangue, fly ash and red mud have become the focus of comprehensive utilization of national enhanced waste due to their large output and potential for utilization. The FunMat team used a variety of industrial solid wastes as raw materials to develop new technologies for pollutant blocking based on matrix modification, reaction path reconstruction, crystal form regulation, and nanomaterial interface control. We will integrate the research results of the influence mechanism of solid waste environmental resource attributes, and form the theoretical system and method of mutual attribute discrimination and risk regulation of solid waste environmental resources.
地聚物（Geopolymer）
地聚物是一种新型的硅铝酸盐无机聚合胶凝材料，由Al和Si四面体网络组成，通过活性硅铝酸盐前体与碱活化剂反应形成，具有类似于沸石的三维网状结构。地聚物是陶瓷，水泥和高分子材料的组合，具有高强度、耐酸、耐热、原料来源广泛、生产工艺简单、成本低等优势，广泛应用于建筑材料加工、核废料处理、重金属固化和航空航天等领域。对地聚物的进一步研究有助于工业固废的综合利用和新应用领域的发展，这对节能减排、资源利用和环境保护具有实际意义。结合强化预处理技术，研究地聚物在形成过程中的物相演变规律、探讨基质与特征污染物在地聚物中的交互作用机制是我们的重点方向。
Geopolymer is a new type of aluminosilicate inorganic polymeric cementitious material consisting of a network of Al and Si tetrahedra, formed by the reaction of a reactive aluminosilicate precursor with an alkali activator, owning a three-dimensional network structure similar to zeolite. Geopolymer is a combination of ceramics, cement and polymer materials with the advantages of high strength, acid resistance, heat resistance, wide source of raw materials, simple production process and low cost. It is widely used in building material processing, nuclear waste treatment, heavy metal curing and aerospace and other fields. Further research on geopolymers contributes to the comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste and the development of new applications, which have practical significance for energy conservation, resource use and environmental protection. Combining the intensified pretreatment technology, studying the evolution of the phase of the geopolymer in the formation process, and exploring the interaction mechanism between the matrix and the characteristic pollutants in the geopolymer is our key direction.
电子废弃物回收
随着社会信息化程度的加深，电子产品的使用已渗透到生活的方方面面，随之产生的电子废弃物如废弃电路板、废旧锂离子电池属于危险废弃物，若处理不得当，会对环境造成重大危害。同时，电子废弃物中的有价金属成分属于二次资源，有巨大的回收价值，如废弃电路板中的铜、铁、铝、锡、铅等和废旧锂离子电池中的铜、铝、钴、锂、镍、锰等。基于以上问题，我们将重点开展废弃电路板和废旧锂离子电池等电子废弃物中有价金属成分回收的研究。
近年来，火法回收、湿法回收和机械化学法回收是电子废弃物回收的三个主导方向，其中湿法回收应用最为广泛，已趋于成熟稳定，具有一套完整的回收流程。但其仍存在回收效率、回收成本、环境污染等方面的问题。FunMat课题组致力于开发以湿法回收技术为基础的高效率、低成本、环境友好的电子废弃物回收技术，实现电子废弃物向资源的有效转化。
Fig 1. Recycling process of waste LIBs
Electronic Waste (e-waste) Recovery
With the deepening of social informatization, the use of electronic products has penetrated into all aspects of human life. The concomitant e-wastes, such as waste printed circuit boards(WPCBs) and waste lithium-ion batteries(LIBs), are hazardous wastes, which will cause great harm to the environment if not properly disposed. Meanwhile, the value-added metal components in e-waste are secondary resources with great recycling value, such as copper, iron, aluminum, tin, lead in WPCBs and copper, aluminum, cobalt, lithium, nickel, manganese in waste LIBs. Based on the above problems, we will focus on recycling process of valuable metal components from WPCBs and waste LIBs.
In recent years, pyrometallurgical process, hydrometallurgical process and mechoanochemical process are the three leading techniques of e-waste recovery, in which hydrometallurgical process is most widely used. This process is trending to be mature and stable, with a complete set of recycling procedures. However, there are still some problems in recycling efficiency, recycling cost and environmental pollution. FunMat research group is committed to developing high efficiency, low cost and environmental friendly technology for e-waste recycling based on hydrometallurgical process, so as to realize the effective transformation of e-waste into resources.
